Fiqh
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#1. The Ottoman codification of civil law based on Hanafi jurisprudence was called the:
The Majallat al-Ahkam al-Adliyyah codified Hanafi civil law in the nineteenth century. It influenced legal systems across the region.
#2. A partnership in which parties contribute capital and share profit and loss is called:
Musharakah is a joint venture with shared capital and shared profit and loss. It is a core Islamic finance structure.
#3. Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal is also renowned as the compiler of:
Musnad Ahmad is among the largest hadith collections. It is arranged by narrating companion.
#4. The Islamic law of inheritance is known as:
Ilm al-Faraid is the science of prescribed inheritance shares. Its rules derive chiefly from Surah An-Nisa.
#5. Agency, where one person acts on behalf of another, is termed:
Wakalah is a contract of agency. The agent acts within the authority conferred.
#6. Hoarding goods to raise prices, prohibited in Islamic law, is termed:
Ihtikar is hoarding essential goods to inflate prices. Hadith prohibit the practice.
#7. The five categories of legal rulings in Islamic law include obligatory, recommended, permissible, disliked and:
The five ahkam are wajib, mandub, mubah, makruh and haram. Every act falls into one of these categories.
#8. The Maliki school is today predominant in:
The Maliki school predominates in North and West Africa. It also has historical presence in Muslim Spain.
#9. The mahr in Islamic law is the exclusive right of:
Mahr belongs solely to the wife. Neither guardian nor husband has a claim to it.
#10. The founder of the Shafi school was:
Imam ash-Shafi founded the third school and systematised legal methodology. He studied under Imam Malik.
#11. Independent scholarly reasoning to derive a ruling is termed:
Ijtihad is the exertion of effort by a qualified jurist to derive rulings. It requires defined scholarly qualifications.
#12. Analogical reasoning from an established ruling to a new case is called:
Qiyas extends a known ruling to a new case sharing the same effective cause. It is generally counted as the fourth source.
#13. The school of jurisprudence most widely followed in Pakistan is:
The Hanafi school predominates in Pakistan and the wider subcontinent. It is also dominant in Turkey and Central Asia.
#14. The consumption of intoxicants is prohibited in Islamic law under the category of:
Khamr denotes intoxicants, prohibited in Surah Al-Maidah. The prohibition extends to any intoxicating substance.
#15. The effective cause on which an analogy is based in qiyas is called:
The illah is the effective cause linking the original and new case. Identifying it correctly is essential to valid qiyas.
#16. The higher objectives of Islamic law are known as:
The maqasid are the overarching purposes the law seeks to protect. They guide interpretation in novel situations.
#17. The practice of combining rulings from different schools to reach a desired outcome is termed:
Talfiq is the assembling of positions from different schools. Scholars have debated the limits of its permissibility.
#18. Financial compensation paid to the victim’s family in place of retribution is called:
Diyah is blood money paid as compensation. The Quran encourages remission and settlement.
#19. The discipline concerned with the methodology and sources of Islamic law is called:
Usul al-Fiqh studies the sources and methods of deriving rulings. Fiqh refers to the derived rulings themselves.
#20. The judge in an Islamic legal system is called a:
The qadi presides over judicial proceedings and issues binding rulings. The mufti issues advisory opinions.
#21. The Quran describes divorce as being permissible but:
A well-known report describes divorce as the most disliked lawful act. Islamic law encourages reconciliation before separation.
#22. A leasing contract transferring the use of an asset for a rental payment is termed:
Ijarah is a lease of usufruct for consideration. Ownership remains with the lessor.
#23. The legal maxim stating that matters are judged by their intentions derives from:
The maxim derives from the hadith that deeds are judged by intentions. It is among the most cited legal maxims.
#24. Legal maxims summarising principles of fiqh are known as:
Qawaid Fiqhiyyah are concise maxims encapsulating recurring legal principles. They aid in resolving new cases.
#25. The iddah of a widow is prescribed in the Quran as:
Surah Al-Baqarah prescribes four months and ten days for a widow. A pregnant widow’s period ends at delivery.
#26. A school of Islamic jurisprudence is called a:
A madhhab is an established school of legal thought. The plural is madhahib.
#27. The second source of Islamic law after the Quran is:
The Sunnah is the second source and explains and supplements the Quran. Its authority rests on Quranic commands to obey the Messenger.
#28. The principal Quranic verses on inheritance appear in Surah:
Surah An-Nisa contains the detailed shares of heirs. These verses form the basis of Islamic inheritance law.
#29. Following the ruling of a qualified jurist without examining the evidence is called:
Taqlid is adherence to the opinion of a qualified authority. It is the normal position of non-specialists.
#30. A sale in which the seller discloses cost and adds a stated profit margin is termed:
Murabahah is a cost-plus sale with disclosed markup. It is widely used in Islamic banking.
#31. The Quran contrasts riba with:
Surah Al-Baqarah states that Allah has permitted trade and forbidden riba. The distinction rests on the nature of the transaction.
#32. The Hanafi school is characterised methodologically by its use of:
The Hanafi school employs considered reasoning and juristic preference. This reflects its development in a diverse urban setting.
#33. An act that is rewarded if performed and not punished if omitted is classified as:
Mandub or mustahabb denotes recommended acts. Their omission carries no penalty.
#34. A bequest under Islamic law is generally limited to a maximum of:
A bequest is limited to one-third of the net estate. Bequests to fixed heirs generally require the consent of other heirs.
#35. The Shafi school is today predominant in regions including:
The Shafi school predominates in Southeast Asia, East Africa and parts of Yemen and Egypt. It also has following in Kurdish regions.
#36. A jurist qualified to exercise independent legal reasoning is called a:
A mujtahid possesses the qualifications to derive rulings independently. A muqallid follows a mujtahid.
#37. Excessive uncertainty in a contract that renders it invalid is termed:
Gharar is excessive uncertainty regarding the subject matter or terms. Contracts containing it are defective.
#38. Imam Shafi’s major compilation of substantive law is known as:
Al-Umm is Imam Shafi’s principal work of substantive jurisprudence. It records his mature positions.
#39. Extravagance and wasteful spending are prohibited under the term:
Israf denotes wastefulness and excess. The Quran repeatedly condemns it.
#40. A contract for the sale of goods with advance payment and deferred delivery is called:
Salam involves full advance payment for goods delivered later. It was permitted as an exception to the general rule against selling what one does not possess.
#41. Al-Mughni, a major work of Hanbali jurisprudence, was authored by:
Ibn Qudamah authored Al-Mughni, a comprehensive comparative work of Hanbali law. It examines the positions of other schools as well.
#42. The Hanafi school distinguishes between fard and wajib, where wajib denotes:
The Hanafi school treats fard as based on definitive evidence and wajib on probable evidence. The other schools do not maintain this distinction.
#43. The waiting period a woman observes after divorce or widowhood is called:
Iddah is the prescribed waiting period. Its purpose includes ascertaining pregnancy and allowing reconciliation.
#44. The Zahiri school was distinguished by its:
The Zahiri school rejected analogical reasoning in favour of literal text. Ibn Hazm was its most prominent exponent.
#45. The Jafari school of jurisprudence is associated with:
The Jafari school is followed by Twelver Shia Muslims. It is named after Imam Jafar as-Sadiq.
#46. The obligatory payment given by the husband to the wife at marriage is called:
Mahr is the bridal gift due to the wife as her right. It is stipulated in the marriage contract.
#47. A charitable endowment dedicating property to perpetual public benefit is called:
A waqf dedicates property so that its benefit continues perpetually. Mosques, schools and hospitals were commonly endowed this way.
#48. Riba is prohibited in Islamic law and refers to:
Riba denotes a stipulated increase without corresponding value. The Quran prohibits it in the strongest terms.
#49. The default legal principle regarding acts of worship is that they are:
Acts of worship require textual basis and are not established by reasoning alone. This principle restrains innovation in ritual.
#50. Discretionary punishments determined by the judge are called:
Tazir covers offences without fixed prescribed penalties. The judge determines an appropriate sanction.
#51. The scholar most associated with developing the theory of maqasid ash-shariah is:
Ash-Shatibi’s Al-Muwafaqat systematised the theory of legal objectives. Al-Ghazali had earlier outlined the five essentials.
#52. The four commonly accepted sources of Islamic law in order are:
These four constitute the agreed sources among the Sunni schools. Secondary sources vary between them.
#53. The legal maxim stating that hardship brings ease reflects the principle of:
Raf al-Haraj is the removal of hardship, grounded in Quranic verses. It underlies concessions such as shortening prayer.
#54. The branch of fiqh dealing with transactions and dealings between people is called:
Muamalat covers commercial and civil dealings. Ibadat covers acts of worship.
#55. Retribution in cases of intentional injury or homicide is termed:
Qisas is legal retribution equivalent to the injury inflicted. The Quran also permits pardon and compensation.
#56. Imam Shafi studied under which of the other founding imams?
Imam Shafi studied under Imam Malik in Madinah. Imam Ahmad in turn studied under Imam Shafi.
#57. An act that is disliked but not sinful to perform is classified as:
Makruh denotes acts that are discouraged. Avoiding them is rewarded but performing them is not sinful.
#58. An interest-free loan repaid in the same amount is called:
Qard Hasan is a benevolent loan repaid without increase. Any stipulated increase would constitute riba.
#59. Imam Abu Hanifa is honoured with the title:
Imam Abu Hanifa is known as Imam-e-Azam, the greatest imam. He was among the Tabi’un generation.
#60. The Hanbali school is today predominant in:
The Hanbali school predominates in the Arabian Peninsula, particularly Saudi Arabia. It has fewer adherents globally than the other three.
#61. Differences between the schools arise chiefly from:
Schools differ over authentication of reports, interpretation of texts and methodological priorities. They share the same primary sources.
#62. The Hanbali school is characterised methodologically by:
The Hanbali school gives primacy to text including weaker reports over analogical reasoning. It is the most textually oriented of the four.
#63. Imam Malik is known by the title:
Imam Malik is called the Imam of the City of Migration, referring to Madinah. He spent his life teaching there.
#64. Heirs with fixed Quranic shares are termed:
Ashab al-Furud are those assigned fixed fractional shares. Residuaries are called asabah.
#65. Ibn Hazm of Andalusia was the leading exponent of which school?
Ibn Hazm was the foremost Zahiri jurist. His work Al-Muhalla remains widely consulted.
#66. Differences among the schools of jurisprudence are regarded in mainstream Islamic thought as:
Mainstream scholarship treats juristic differences as legitimate variation. All four schools are recognised as valid.
#67. The Council of Islamic Ideology in Pakistan performs a function comparable to:
The Council advises Parliament and provincial assemblies on Islamic conformity. Its recommendations are advisory rather than binding.
#68. The official responsible for market supervision and public morals in Islamic administration was the:
The muhtasib supervised markets, weights and public conduct. The office was established in the early Islamic period.
#69. A partnership in which one party provides capital and the other management is called:
In mudarabah the capital provider and the manager share profits on agreed terms. Loss of capital falls on the investor absent negligence.
#70. An act neither commanded nor prohibited is termed:
Mubah denotes permissible acts carrying neither reward nor blame. It constitutes the default category for worldly matters.
#71. Residuary heirs who receive what remains after fixed shares are called:
Asabah receive the residue after the fixed shares are distributed. Agnatic male relatives typically fall in this category.
#72. A binding judgement issued by a judge is termed:
Qada is the binding decision of a court. It is enforceable, unlike a fatwa.
#73. The transfer of a debt from one party to another is termed:
Hawalah is the assignment of a debt obligation. It became the basis of historical money transfer practices.
#74. The founder of the Hanafi school was:
Imam Abu Hanifa Numan bin Thabit founded the Hanafi school. He is titled Imam-e-Azam.
#75. Imam Abu Hanifa was based principally in:
Imam Abu Hanifa taught in Kufa in Iraq. The school reflects the Iraqi legal tradition.
#76. Imam al-Ghazali is associated primarily with which school of jurisprudence?
Al-Ghazali was a Shafi jurist as well as a theologian and spiritual writer. His Ihya Ulum ad-Din addresses ethics and worship.
#77. Debts and funeral expenses in Islamic inheritance are settled:
Funeral costs, debts and valid bequests are settled before distribution. Heirs receive only the remaining net estate.
#78. Imam Abu Yusuf is notable for having written a work on taxation and public finance titled:
Kitab al-Kharaj addresses land tax and fiscal administration. It was written for the caliph Harun ar-Rashid.
#79. A distinctive source in Maliki methodology is:
Amal Ahl al-Madinah, the practice of Madinah’s people, is a distinctive Maliki source. Malik regarded it as transmitted communal practice.
#80. Consideration of public interest as a basis for rulings is called:
Maslahah Mursalah is unrestricted public interest not addressed by specific text. It is especially developed in the Maliki school.
#81. Al-Mabsut, a major Hanafi legal work, was authored by:
Imam as-Sarakhsi authored Al-Mabsut, an extensive Hanafi compendium. It was reportedly dictated during his imprisonment.
#82. Established local custom recognised as a source of legal consideration is termed:
Urf is customary practice not contradicting the texts. It informs rulings particularly in transactions.
#83. The consensus of qualified scholars on a legal question is termed:
Ijma is the agreement of qualified scholars of a period on a ruling. It is generally counted as the third source.
#84. A guarantee undertaken by a third party for a debt is called:
Kafalah is suretyship whereby a guarantor assumes liability. It is recognised in classical fiqh.
#85. The marriage contract in Islamic law is called:
Nikah is the marriage contract. It requires offer, acceptance and witnesses.
#86. A pledge or security given against a debt is termed:
Rahn is the pledging of property as security for a debt. It is mentioned in Surah Al-Baqarah.
#87. Juristic preference departing from strict analogy for a stronger consideration is termed:
Istihsan permits departure from strict analogy where it produces hardship or conflicts with a stronger indicator. It is particularly associated with the Hanafi school.
#88. The five essential objectives protected by Shariah are commonly listed as religion, life, intellect, lineage and:
The five essentials are din, nafs, aql, nasl and mal. Al-Ghazali and Ash-Shatibi are associated with their formulation.
#89. Fixed punishments prescribed in the Quran and Sunnah are termed:
Hudud are the fixed penalties specified by revelation. Their application is bound by strict evidentiary requirements.
#90. Blocking of lawful means that lead to unlawful ends is termed:
Sadd adh-Dharai involves prohibiting permissible acts that reliably lead to harm. It is prominent in the Maliki and Hanbali schools.
#91. Judicial dissolution of a marriage by a court is termed:
Faskh is annulment or dissolution ordered by a judge. Grounds include cruelty, non-maintenance and desertion.
#92. Imam Shafi’s foundational work on legal methodology is titled:
Ar-Risalah set out the theory of legal sources systematically. It is regarded as the first work of usul al-fiqh.
#93. The Hanafi school is historically predominant in regions including:
The Hanafi school spread widely under the Ottoman and Mughal states. It is the most widely followed school by population.
#94. Maintenance owed by a husband to his wife is termed:
Nafaqah is the obligation of financial maintenance. It covers housing, food and clothing.
#95. The presumption of continuity of an existing state until proven otherwise is called:
Istishab presumes that an established condition continues until evidence shows change. It is widely used in resolving doubt.
#96. Riba al-Fadl refers to:
Riba al-Fadl arises in the unequal exchange of like commodities. Riba an-Nasiah concerns deferred exchange.
#97. In the structure of qiyas, the original case with an established ruling is termed:
The asl is the original case whose ruling is established by text. The far is the new case to which it is extended.
#98. The Quranic procedure for resolving marital discord includes appointing:
Surah An-Nisa prescribes appointing an arbitrator from each family. The aim is reconciliation.
#99. Gambling and games of chance are prohibited under the term:
Maysir denotes gambling, prohibited alongside intoxicants in Surah Al-Maidah. It involves gain without corresponding effort or value.
#100. The compilation of Hanafi law prepared under Mughal emperor Aurangzeb is known as:
Fatawa-e-Alamgiri, also called Fatawa-e-Hindiyyah, was compiled by a body of scholars under Aurangzeb. It became a standard reference of Hanafi law.
#101. The two most prominent students of Imam Abu Hanifa were:
Abu Yusuf and Muhammad ash-Shaybani developed and recorded the Hanafi school. Abu Yusuf served as chief judge under the Abbasids.
#102. The scholar regarded as the founder of usul al-fiqh as a systematic discipline is:
Imam Shafi’s Ar-Risalah is regarded as the first systematic work on legal methodology. It established the framework used by later scholars.
#103. The default legal principle regarding worldly transactions is that they are:
The default in transactions is permissibility absent a prohibiting text. The default in acts of worship is the opposite.
#104. Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal is particularly remembered for his stand during the:
Imam Ahmad endured imprisonment during the Abbasid inquisition over this doctrinal question. His resistance became emblematic of orthodox steadfastness.
#105. Divorce initiated by the wife through return of consideration is called:
Khula is separation sought by the wife, typically returning the mahr. It is grounded in a case decided by the Prophet.