Qurran

These two surahs are called Al-Muawwidhatain, the two of seeking refuge. They are commonly recited for protection.

Makki revelation focuses on belief in one God, resurrection and moral character. Detailed legislation belongs largely to the Madani period.

Uthman ordered the preparation of standard copies and their dispatch to the provinces. He is therefore titled Jami-ul-Quran.

This branch examines verses whose rulings were superseded by later revelation. It is an established discipline within Quranic sciences.

The compiled copy passed to Umar and then to his daughter Hafsa. It was later used as the basis for the Uthmani standardisation.

The verse states that the noblest is the one with the most taqwa. It establishes piety rather than lineage as the measure of honour.

The Quran was memorised by the companions and written on materials such as palm stalks, parchment and bones. Both methods operated together from the beginning.

Hazrat Umar suggested the compilation after the Battle of Yamamah. Abu Bakr accepted the proposal after initial hesitation.

Surah Al-Fatiha is called Umm-ul-Kitab, the Mother of the Book. It is also known as As-Sab’a Al-Masani, the seven oft-repeated verses.

Huruf Muqattaat are the disconnected letters opening certain surahs. Their precise meaning is known to Allah, and scholars have offered various interpretations.

Ayat-us-Sajdah are the verses at which a prostration of recitation is made. Scholars differ on their exact number, commonly stated as fourteen or fifteen.

The first revelation was received in the cave of Hira on Jabal-un-Nur near Makkah. The Prophet used to retreat there for solitude and reflection.

Uthman ordered that divergent written material be destroyed. The measure was intended to preserve unity in recitation.

Surah Al-Ikhlas concisely states the absolute oneness of Allah. It is described in reports as equal to a third of the Quran in reward.

The staged prohibition demonstrates gradual legislation suited to changing readiness. Scholars cite it as an example of divine wisdom in lawmaking.

The Tawrat was revealed to Prophet Musa. The Quran affirms it as divine revelation.

The final and decisive prohibition appears in Surah Al-Maidah. Earlier verses had prepared the community gradually.

The Quran itself explains that gradual revelation strengthened the Prophet’s heart. It also allowed rulings to be given in response to actual situations.

A ruku is a section of connected verses marked for convenience in recitation. It commonly indicates a place to bow in prayer.

Lailat-ul-Qadr, the Night of Decree, is when the revelation commenced. The Quran describes it as better than a thousand months.

Madani surahs are those revealed after the Hijrah, even if revealed outside Madinah. The criterion is the time of revelation.

Ijaz-ul-Quran refers to the Quran’s miraculous and inimitable nature. The Quran itself challenges its opponents to produce anything like it.

Reports encourage the recitation of Surah Al-Kahf on Friday. It is a widely observed practice among Muslims.

The earliest script was written without diacritical dots or vowel signs. These were added later to assist non-Arab Muslims.

Prophet Musa is mentioned more often than any other prophet in the Quran. His encounters with Pharaoh are recounted in several surahs.

Riba denotes interest or usury and is categorically prohibited. Surah Al-Baqarah contains the strongest verses on the subject.

Surah Al-Baqarah is the longest surah, comprising 286 verses. It is a Madani surah.

The Quran describes humanity as khalifah, vicegerent on earth. This carries responsibility and accountability.

Surah Al-Fil recounts the destruction of Abraha’s army that came to demolish the Kaaba. The event occurred in the year of the Prophet’s birth.

Individual verses of the Quran are called ayat, the singular being ayah. The word also means a sign.

Shura denotes mutual consultation and is commanded in the Quran. Surah Ash-Shura takes its name from this principle.

Jibril reviewed the Quran with the Prophet each Ramadan. In the final year the review took place twice.

The Quran is divided into thirty ajza, commonly called paras. This division assists recitation, particularly during Ramadan.

The surah is named after the account of the cow commanded to be sacrificed. The episode relates to the Children of Israel.

Surah Al-Baqarah describes the ummah as a middle, balanced community. It is to bear witness before mankind.

Ayat-ul-Kursi is verse 255 of Surah Al-Baqarah. It is described as the greatest verse of the Quran.

The word Quran derives from the root meaning to read or recite. It reflects the oral nature of its revelation and preservation.

Asbab-un-Nuzul refers to the events or questions that prompted particular revelations. Knowledge of them assists in correct interpretation.

The refrain concerning divine favours is repeated thirty-one times. It gives the surah its distinctive rhythm.

The term appears in Surah Al-Ahzab. It is the textual basis for the doctrine of the finality of prophethood.

Surah Al-Anfal addresses the spoils of war and lessons from Badr. It is a Madani surah.

Surah Al-Ahzab describes the Prophet as the Seal of the Prophets. This establishes the finality of prophethood.

Mushaf denotes the physical written copy of the Quran. It is distinguished from the Quran as recited revelation.

Makki surahs typically feature shorter, rhythmic verses suited to oral impact. Madani surahs tend toward longer verses.

Mutashabihat are allegorical or ambiguous verses. Surah Al-Imran mentions both categories.

The Battle of Yamamah against Musaylimah resulted in the martyrdom of many memorisers. This raised concern for the preservation of the text.

Surah An-Nasr speaks of divine help and people entering the religion in multitudes. Companions understood it as indicating the approaching end of the Prophet’s mission.

Waraqa bin Nawfal recognised the experience as the same revelation that had come to Musa. He affirmed the Prophet’s mission before his own death.

Surah Al-Muddaththir was revealed after the interval, commanding the Prophet to arise and warn. It marked the beginning of open preaching.

Surah Al-Kawthar consists of three verses and is the shortest surah. It is generally classified as Makki.

Lailat-ul-Qadr falls within the last ten nights of Ramadan. Muslims are encouraged to seek it particularly in the odd-numbered nights.

Surah Al-Fatiha opens the Quran and is recited in every unit of prayer. It comprises seven verses.

Prophet Adam is described as the first human being and the first prophet. His creation is recounted in several surahs.

Surah Al-Hijr contains the declaration that Allah has revealed the Reminder and will guard it. Muslims cite this as the basis for the Quran’s preservation.

The division into ajza allows the Quran to be completed over a month. It is not part of the revealed text itself.

Surah At-Tawbah is the only surah not opened with the Bismillah. Scholars have offered several explanations for this.

Shirk means associating partners with Allah and is described as the gravest sin. The Quran repeatedly warns against it.

Madani revelation addresses law, governance, and the organisation of the Muslim community. This reflects the establishment of a functioning society.

Angel Jibril, also called the Trustworthy Spirit, conveyed the revelation. The Quran refers to him as Ruh-ul-Ameen and Ruh-ul-Qudus.

The verse stating that the religion has been perfected was revealed at Arafat. It came during the Farewell Pilgrimage in the tenth year after Hijrah.

The Bismillah appears within Surah An-Naml in the letter of Sulaiman, in addition to its opening. This makes it unique among the surahs.

Printed copies appeared only in the modern era. Before that the Quran was transmitted through memorisation and handwritten manuscripts.

Khatm-ul-Quran refers to completing a full recitation of the Quran. It is commonly observed during Ramadan in Taraweeh prayers.

Surah An-Nahl instructs invitation with wisdom and good exhortation. It also directs argument in the best manner.

Prophet Ibrahim is described as the friend of Allah, Khalilullah. The Quran presents him as a model of pure monotheism.

Each juz is divided into two ahzab, and each hizb into four quarters. These are aids to recitation rather than part of the revelation.

The Quran calls itself Al-Furqan, meaning the criterion between truth and falsehood. Other names include Al-Kitab, Adh-Dhikr and Al-Huda.

Hudhayfah bin al-Yaman reported the differences after campaigns in Armenia and Azerbaijan. His report led directly to the standardisation.

Twenty-five prophets are named in the Quran. The total number of prophets sent is not specified in the text.

Standard copies were sent to the principal garrison cities and provinces. A reciter accompanied each copy to teach the correct recitation.

Tawhid is the foundational theme running through the entire Quran. All other themes relate back to it.

Fatrat-ul-Wahi refers to the interval during which revelation paused after the initial verses. Revelation then resumed with Surah Al-Muddaththir.

Ayat-ud-Dayn is the verse concerning the documentation of debts. It appears near the end of Surah Al-Baqarah.

The narration of Hafs from Asim is the most widely used recitation today. Warsh from Nafi is prevalent in parts of North and West Africa.

This form of address is characteristic of Madani revelation, where a believing community existed. Makki surahs more often address mankind generally.

Ummah denotes the community of believers transcending tribe and territory. The Quran describes the Muslim ummah as a middle nation.

Al-Ahzab means the confederates, referring to the allied tribes at the Battle of the Trench. The surah addresses events surrounding that siege.

A hafiz is one who has memorised the entire Quran. The tradition of hifz has continued unbroken since the Prophet’s time.

Makki surahs frequently address humanity at large, reflecting the call to belief. Some Madani verses also use this address.

The standard codices prepared under Uthman are called Mushaf-e-Uthmani. All later copies derive from this text.

Most scholars hold its recitation to be a necessary element of prayer. The Hanafi school treats the matter with some distinct detail.

Surah Al-Kahf relates the account of the youths who sheltered in a cave. It also contains the accounts of Musa and Khidr and of Dhul-Qarnayn.

Surah Yasin is described in a report as the heart of the Quran. It addresses resurrection and divine signs.

Makki surahs are those revealed before the migration to Madinah. The classification depends on timing rather than place alone.

The Quran comprises one hundred and fourteen surahs. They vary greatly in length.

He is credited with the early system of vowel marking to prevent misreading. His work supported accurate recitation among non-Arabs.

The Qiraat are the recognised readings transmitted through continuous authentic chains. Ten readings are widely accepted as authentic.

Around twenty-eight surahs are generally classified as Madani. The remaining eighty-six are classified as Makki.

Jihad means striving or exertion in the path of Allah. It encompasses spiritual, moral and physical effort.

The surah states that this night is better than a thousand months. This highlights the immense reward for worship performed during it.

These two surahs are called Az-Zahrawan, the two luminous ones. A report mentions their intercession for those who recite them.

Reports of differing recitations among troops in Armenia and Azerbaijan prompted the measure. Hudhayfah bin al-Yaman raised the matter with Uthman.

The Injil was revealed to Prophet Isa. The Quran describes it as containing guidance and light.

The first compilation into one volume was carried out under Abu Bakr. It followed the loss of many huffaz in battle.

The verse of debt in Surah Al-Baqarah is the longest verse of the Quran. It sets out the recording and witnessing of financial transactions.

Tarteel refers to unhurried, measured recitation. The Quran itself instructs the Prophet to recite in this manner.

Wahi Matlu refers to recited revelation, that is the Quran itself. Wahi Ghair Matlu refers to revelation conveyed through the Prophet’s Sunnah.

Surah An-Nisa contains the principal verses of inheritance law. These verses form the foundation of Islamic inheritance jurisprudence.

Muhkamat are verses of clear and definite meaning. Mutashabihat are those whose full meaning is not immediately evident.

Surah Al-Isra describes the Quran as a healing and mercy for the believers. The description occurs in several places.

The closing verses of Surah Al-Baqarah state that Allah does not burden a soul beyond its capacity. This principle underlies much of Islamic law.

Surah Al-Hujurat sets out principles of etiquette and social conduct. It prohibits backbiting, suspicion and mockery.

The Kuttab-ul-Wahi were the companions appointed to write down revelation. Zaid bin Thabit was among the most prominent of them.

Taqwa denotes awareness of Allah leading to righteous conduct. The Quran presents it as the criterion of honour.

The opening five verses of Surah Al-Alaq were the first revelation. They begin with the command to read in the name of the Lord who created.

The verse at the end of Surah An-Nisa concerning kalalah inheritance is often identified as among the last revealed. Reports differ on the precise final verse.

Many scholars hold that Surah An-Nasr was the last complete surah revealed. Opinions vary, with some identifying Surah At-Tawbah.

Nifaq denotes hypocrisy, professing belief outwardly while concealing disbelief. Surah Al-Munafiqun addresses this directly.

The Quran refers to Lauh-e-Mahfuz, the Preserved Tablet, in Surah Al-Buruj. It signifies the divine preservation of the revelation.

The Quran refers to Jibril as Ruh-ul-Ameen, the Trustworthy Spirit. He is also called Ruh-ul-Qudus.

Scholars hold that the order of surahs and verses was fixed under divine guidance. It differs from the chronological order of revelation.

The Zabur was given to Prophet Dawud. It is mentioned by name in the Quran.

Surah Yusuf relates the story of Prophet Yusuf in a single continuous narrative. The Quran describes it as the best of stories.

The count in the widely used Kufan reckoning is 6,236 verses. Minor variations exist in other counting traditions.

The hadith literature mentions that the Quran was revealed in seven ahruf. Scholars have differed on the precise meaning of this term.

Surah Ad-Dukhan mentions that the Quran was sent down on a blessed night. This is understood as Lailat-ul-Qadr.

Vowel marking and pointing were developed during the Umayyad period. Abu al-Aswad al-Du’ali is credited with early work in this area.

Hazrat Khadija was the first person to believe in the Prophet’s message. She supported him throughout the early Makkan period.

Surah Al-Imran describes the Quran as containing both clear and allegorical verses. It warns against pursuing the ambiguous to create discord.

Ayat-un-Nur appears in Surah An-Nur, from which the surah takes its name. It presents an extended metaphor of divine light.

Belief in all prophets and revealed scriptures is a required article of faith. The Quran makes no distinction between the prophets in this regard.

Hadith literature describes several modes of revelation including true dreams and a sound resembling a bell. Jibril also appeared in human form on occasion.

The Arda Akhirah was the last review conducted in the year of the Prophet’s demise. It took place twice that Ramadan.

Tafsir is the discipline of explaining the meanings of the Quran. Scholars distinguish between tafsir by transmission and by reasoning.

Surah Al-Baqarah contains the challenge to produce a chapter like it. Similar challenges appear in other surahs including Yunus and Hud.

The revelation continued for about twenty-three years, roughly thirteen in Makkah and ten in Madinah. It concluded shortly before the Prophet’s demise.

Yawm-ud-Din, the Day of Recompense, is among several Quranic names for the Day of Judgement. Others include Al-Qiyamah and Al-Akhirah.

Musa is called Kalimullah because Allah spoke to him directly. The Quran mentions this distinction.

Tajweed governs the correct articulation of letters and rules of recitation. Its observance is regarded as necessary for proper recitation.

The Quran was revealed in clear Arabic, as it states in several verses. It was addressed first to the Arabs of the Prophet’s time.

Surah An-Nas is the final surah in the Quranic order. It seeks refuge from the whisperings of the devil.

The title reflects his role in unifying the community on a single standard text. Copies were sent to the major centres of the Muslim world.

Surah Maryam is named after Maryam, the mother of Prophet Isa. She is the only woman mentioned by name in the Quran.

The Prophet received the first revelation at the age of forty. Prophethood thus began in the year 610 CE.

The Quran presents all prophets as conveying the same essential message. Differences concern law rather than fundamental belief.

The verse stating there is no compulsion in religion is in Surah Al-Baqarah. It is frequently cited in discussions of religious freedom.

Zaid bin Thabit served as a scribe of revelation and led both major compilation efforts. He was entrusted with the task under Abu Bakr and later Uthman.

Reports mention that Surah Al-Mulk intercedes for the one who recites it. Many Muslims recite it before sleeping.

Tawatur denotes transmission by so many that error or collusion is inconceivable. The Quran’s transmission is regarded as mutawatir.

Early manuscripts show close correspondence with the text used today. This supports the claim of accurate preservation.