Rashidun Caliphate
Results
#1. Abu Bakr initiated campaigns against which two major empires?
Campaigns against both the Byzantine and Sasanian empires began under Abu Bakr. They were carried forward by Hazrat Umar R.A.
#2. Hazrat Umar R.A was the first caliph to adopt the title:
Hazrat Umar R.A was the first to be addressed as Amir-ul-Mumineen, Commander of the Faithful. The title was used by later caliphs.
#3. Khalid bin Walid was removed from supreme command in Syria by:
Hazrat Umar R.A replaced Khalid with Abu Ubaidah as supreme commander. Khalid continued to serve under him without objection.
#4. The city of Kufa was founded during the caliphate of:
Kufa was founded as a garrison city in Iraq under Hazrat Umar R.A. Basra was established in the same period.
#5. Mainstream Sunni scholarship regards the disputes among the companions as:
Mainstream scholarship counsels restraint in judging the companions’ disputes. Both parties are regarded as having acted on sincere reasoning.
#6. The period of internal conflict among Muslims following Hazrat Usman R.A’s martyrdom is referred to as:
The First Fitna denotes the civil conflict from 35 to 41 AH. It encompassed the battles of the Camel and Siffin.
#7. Hazrat Ali R.A’s letter of instruction on governance was addressed to his governor of:
Ali’s celebrated letter of instruction was addressed to Malik al-Ashtar on his appointment to Egypt. It sets out principles of just administration.
#8. Jerusalem was surrendered to the Muslims during the caliphate of:
Jerusalem surrendered during Hazrat Umar R.A’s caliphate. He travelled there personally to receive the city.
#9. The Kharijites objected to the arbitration on the ground that:
The Khawarij raised the slogan that judgement belongs to Allah alone. They regarded human arbitration as illegitimate.
#10. Hazrat Hazrat Umar R.A’s instruction that a governor should not use a fine horse or keep a doorkeeper reflected concern for:
Hazrat Umar R.A required officials to remain accessible to ordinary people. Barriers between rulers and subjects were discouraged.
#11. The plague that struck Muslim forces in Syria during Hazrat Umar R.A’s caliphate is known as the plague of:
The plague of Amwas caused heavy casualties including several senior commanders. Abu Ubaidah and Muadh bin Jabal died in it.
#12. The Battle of Qadisiyyah was fought against the:
Qadisiyyah was a decisive Muslim victory over the Sasanian empire. It opened Iraq to Muslim control.
#13. The document guaranteeing the rights of the Christians of Jerusalem issued by Hazrat Umar R.A is known as:
The assurance granted to Jerusalem’s inhabitants protected their lives, churches and property. It is commonly known as the Pact of Hazrat Umar R.A.
#14. Hazrat Ali R.A is particularly remembered for his:
Ali was renowned for learning, eloquence and skill in adjudication. Companions consulted him on difficult legal questions.
#15. The number of years between the Prophet’s passing and the end of the Rashidun caliphate was approximately:
The Rashidun period spanned roughly thirty years from 11 to 40 AH. Hasan’s brief caliphate followed in 41 AH.
#16. The separation of judicial functions from provincial governors was a development associated with:
Hazrat Umar R.A appointed qadis independently of governors in several provinces. This established a degree of judicial independence.
#17. The Islamic Hijri calendar was formally instituted during the caliphate of:
Hazrat Umar R.A established the Hijri calendar dating from the migration. The decision was taken in consultation with the companions.
#18. Abu Bakr’s decision to fight those refusing zakat was based on his position that:
Abu Bakr maintained that zakat was an inseparable obligation alongside prayer. Hazrat Umar R.A initially differed but was persuaded.
#19. The census and registration of populations for administrative purposes began under:
Population registers were compiled to administer stipends and taxation. They formed part of the diwan system.
#20. The year in which Hasan abdicated is known as:
Aam-ul-Jamaah, the Year of Unity, marks the reconciliation in 41 AH. It ended the first civil conflict.
#21. The establishment of prisons as a formal institution in the Muslim state is generally attributed to:
Hazrat Umar R.A is credited with establishing formal detention facilities. Earlier detention had been informal.
#22. The dispute leading to the Battle of the Camel concerned:
The disagreement concerned the timing and manner of pursuing Hazrat Usman R.A’s killers. Both sides sought justice but differed on method.
#23. Each of the four rightly guided caliphs came to office through:
The methods varied but none involved hereditary succession. Abu Bakr was elected, Hazrat Umar R.A nominated, Hazrat Usman R.A selected by shura and Ali pledged allegiance.
#24. The expansion of Masjid-un-Nabawi and Masjid al-Haram was undertaken during the caliphates of:
Both Hazrat Umar R.A and Hazrat Usman R.A expanded the two mosques to accommodate growing numbers. The works reflected the expansion of the Muslim population.
#25. The principle that the ruler is subject to the same law as the ruled was demonstrated when caliphs:
Reports describe caliphs appearing before judges as ordinary litigants. This is cited as evidence of equality before the law.
#26. Egypt was conquered during Hazrat Umar R.A’s caliphate under the command of:
Amr bin al-As led the conquest of Egypt. He founded the garrison city of Fustat.
#27. The Battle of Siffin was fought between Hazrat Ali R.A and:
Siffin was fought between Ali’s forces and those of Muawiyah, then governor of Syria. It ended in arbitration.
#28. The territorial extent of the Muslim state by the end of the Rashidun period included:
By 40 AH the state extended across Arabia, the Fertile Crescent, Egypt and Persia. Further expansion continued under the Umayyads.
#29. The right of an ordinary citizen to question the caliph publicly is illustrated by episodes involving:
A well-known account describes Hazrat Umar R.A being publicly questioned and responding with an explanation. It illustrates public accountability of the ruler.
#30. Provision made from the treasury for the elderly and disabled, including non-Muslims, is associated with:
Accounts record Hazrat Umar R.A granting maintenance to an elderly non-Muslim from the treasury. The episode is cited in discussions of social welfare.
#31. Abu Bakr appointed as his judge in Madinah the companion:
Abu Bakr entrusted judicial duties in Madinah to Hazrat Umar R.A. Reports indicate few disputes were brought during that period.
#32. The public treasury as a formal institution with registers was organised under:
Hazrat Umar R.A organised the Bait-ul-Mal with systematic registers. He also established stipends for citizens.
#33. The practice of requiring governors to declare their wealth on appointment is associated with:
Hazrat Umar R.A required officials to declare assets and investigated unexplained increases. The measure aimed to prevent corruption.
#34. Hazrat Umar R.A’s most significant administrative legacy is generally considered to be:
Hazrat Umar R.A built the administrative framework of the Muslim state. His institutions endured under later dynasties.
#35. The Rashidun period is regarded in Islamic thought as a model chiefly because it demonstrated:
The period is treated as a normative model of governance. Its features are cited in Islamic political thought.
#36. The caliphate of Hazrat Umar R.A lasted approximately:
Hazrat Umar R.A’s caliphate spanned roughly ten and a half years. It was a period of extensive conquest and administrative development.
#37. The Battle of Yarmuk was fought against the:
Yarmuk was a decisive victory over Byzantine forces in Syria. It led to Muslim control of the region.
#38. The naval engagement known as the Battle of the Masts was fought against the:
The Battle of the Masts was a Muslim naval victory over the Byzantines. It occurred during Hazrat Usman R.A’s caliphate.
#39. The caliphate of Abu Bakr lasted approximately:
Abu Bakr’s caliphate lasted about two years and three months. He died in 13 AH.
#40. Hazrat Usman R.A contributed substantially to equipping the army of which expedition?
Hazrat Usman R.A equipped a large portion of the Tabuk expedition from his own wealth. The army is known as Jaysh-ul-Usrah.
#41. Hazrat Ali R.A was martyred by a member of which group?
Ali was assassinated by Abd ar-Rahman ibn Muljam, a Kharijite. The attack occurred in the mosque at Kufa.
#42. Hazrat Umar R.A was martyred while:
Hazrat Umar R.A was struck while leading the dawn prayer in Madinah. He died shortly afterwards in 23 AH.
#43. Hazrat Umar R.A’s policy of not permitting senior companions to settle outside Madinah aimed to:
Hazrat Umar R.A preferred senior companions to remain in Madinah for consultation. The policy was relaxed under Hazrat Usman R.A.
#44. The rightly guided caliphate is distinguished from later dynasties chiefly by:
Each of the four caliphs was selected through some form of consultation or nomination. Hereditary succession characterised the dynasties that followed.
#45. The relaxation of restrictions on companions settling in the provinces occurred under:
Hazrat Usman R.A permitted companions to settle in the provinces. Historians note this dispersed both influence and dissent.
#46. The first Muslim naval fleet was established during the caliphate of:
The first Muslim navy was organised under Hazrat Usman R.A. Muawiyah, then governor of Syria, developed it.
#47. Before his death, Hazrat Umar R.A appointed a committee to select his successor consisting of:
Hazrat Umar R.A nominated a shura of six senior companions to choose the next caliph. The process resulted in the selection of Hazrat Usman R.A.
#48. Hazrat Usman R.A’s most significant contribution to Islamic history is generally regarded as:
Hazrat Usman R.A’s standardisation unified the community on a single text. All present copies derive from it.
#49. Abu Bakr is buried:
Abu Bakr was buried beside the Prophet. Hazrat Umar R.A was later buried in the same chamber.
#50. The commander often associated with the conquest of Syria alongside Khalid bin Walid was:
Abu Ubaidah commanded in Syria and was appointed over Khalid by Hazrat Umar R.A. He died in the plague of Amwas.
#51. Hazrat Umar R.A’s stated reason for removing Khalid from command related to concern that:
Hazrat Umar R.A’s concern was that excessive attachment to a commander might undermine reliance on Allah. Khalid accepted the decision and continued to serve.
#52. Muslim forces reached Cyprus during the caliphate of:
Cyprus was brought under Muslim influence during Hazrat Usman R.A’s caliphate. It followed the creation of a naval capability.
#53. Provincial administration under the Rashidun caliphate was headed by an official called the:
The wali or amir served as provincial governor. Judicial and fiscal functions were often assigned separately.
#54. Tarawih prayers were organised in congregation under a single imam during the caliphate of:
Hazrat Umar R.A organised Tarawih behind a single imam in Ramadan. The practice has continued since.
#55. The designation Rashidun means:
Rashidun means rightly guided. The designation derives from a hadith commending adherence to their way.
#56. The stipend system established by Hazrat Umar R.A allocated payments based chiefly on:
Stipends were graded by early acceptance of Islam and service rendered. The system was later reconsidered by subsequent caliphs.
#57. The rule established regarding the distribution of movable war booty was that:
Surah Al-Anfal specifies that one-fifth of booty is allocated to designated categories. The remainder was distributed among the combatants.
#58. The pledge of allegiance given to a caliph is called:
Bay’ah is the pledge of allegiance establishing the caliph’s authority. It was given by the leading companions and then generally.
#59. The province of Khurasan was brought under Muslim control during the caliphate of:
Khurasan came under Muslim control during Hazrat Usman R.A’s caliphate. It later became a major centre of Islamic learning.
#60. Hazrat Umar R.A was martyred by:
Hazrat Umar R.A was attacked while leading the Fajr prayer and died of his wounds. The assailant was a Persian captive.
#61. The register recording stipends payable to Muslims was called the:
The Diwan recorded entitlements to state stipends. Hazrat Umar R.A established it during his caliphate.
#62. The Muslim conquests of the Rashidun period were directed principally against the:
The two great powers bordering Arabia were the Byzantine and Sasanian empires. Both had been weakened by prolonged mutual warfare.
#63. The caliphate of Hazrat Usman R.A lasted approximately:
Hazrat Usman R.A’s caliphate spanned roughly twelve years from 23 to 35 AH. It was the longest of the four.
#64. Hazrat Usman R.A was martyred while:
Rebels entered his house and killed him while he was reciting the Quran. He had refused to allow bloodshed in his defence.
#65. Hazrat Umar R.A’s well-known letter on judicial conduct was addressed to:
The letter to Abu Musa al-Ashari outlines principles of impartial adjudication. It is regarded as a foundational text of Islamic judicial practice.
#66. Ushr in the fiscal system of the Rashidun state referred to:
Ushr was the tithe on agricultural output and, in some applications, on trade goods crossing borders. It differed from kharaj and jizyah.
#67. Hasan bin Ali’s abdication in favour of Muawiyah is significant because it:
The abdication reunified the community and ended years of civil strife. The year is known as Aam-ul-Jamaah, the year of unity.
#68. Damascus was conquered by Muslim forces in the caliphate of:
Damascus fell during Hazrat Umar R.A’s caliphate. It later became the Umayyad capital.
#69. Bait-ul-Mal in the Rashidun period functioned as:
Bait-ul-Mal held state revenues and funded stipends, defence and public works. The caliphs treated it as a public trust.
#70. The first Islamic coinage bearing Islamic inscriptions was introduced principally under the:
Distinctively Islamic coinage was introduced under the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik. Earlier coinage had adapted Byzantine and Sasanian designs.
#71. The Prophet is reported to have said regarding Ali that he was the gate of:
A report describes the Prophet as the city of knowledge with Ali as its gate. Scholars have discussed the grading of this report.
#72. Abu Bakr’s approach to the public treasury was characterised by:
Abu Bakr took only a modest allowance and is reported to have returned funds before his death. His administration set a precedent for austerity.
#73. During the famine, Hazrat Umar R.A’s personal conduct was characterised by:
Accounts describe Hazrat Umar R.A refusing better food while his people suffered. The episode is frequently cited as an example of leadership.
#74. The Rashidun caliphs are regarded as models of governance chiefly because of their:
Their governance is remembered for justice, consultation and personal accountability. These features distinguish the period in Islamic political thought.
#75. The commander who defeated Musaylimah at Yamamah was:
Khalid bin Walid commanded the Muslim forces at Yamamah. His campaigns were decisive in the Ridda Wars.
#76. The Battle of Nahavand is described in Muslim historical writing as:
Nahavand is called Fath al-Futuh, the victory of victories. It ended organised Sasanian resistance.
#77. The principal structural change introduced under the Umayyads compared with the Rashidun period was:
The Umayyads established dynastic succession in place of consultation. This is the principal structural distinction from the Rashidun period.
#78. The term Khalifah literally means:
Khalifah denotes a successor or deputy. The caliph succeeded the Prophet in political leadership, not in prophethood.
#79. Abu Bakr’s most significant contribution to the preservation of the Quran was:
Abu Bakr ordered the first compilation into a single codex. This preserved the text after the losses at Yamamah.
#80. The Rashidun caliphs generally lived:
Accounts consistently describe the caliphs living simply. Simplicity of the ruler is a recurring theme in narratives of the period.
#81. The Rashidun state’s provision of stipends to citizens from the treasury reflected the principle of:
Stipends were treated as an entitlement rather than charity. Registers recorded eligibility and amounts.
#82. The land tax levied on agricultural land in conquered territories was called:
Kharaj was the land tax on agricultural holdings. Jizyah was a separate poll tax on non-Muslim adult males.
#83. Territories brought under Muslim control during Hazrat Usman R.A’s caliphate included:
Expansion under Hazrat Usman R.A included Cyprus, parts of North Africa and further territory in Persia. The empire reached its widest extent to that date.
#84. The city of Fustat founded by Amr bin al-As later developed into:
Fustat was the nucleus around which Cairo later developed. It served as the administrative capital of Muslim Egypt.
#85. Hazrat Usman R.A is remembered for purchasing and dedicating for public use the well of:
Hazrat Usman R.A purchased the well of Rumah in Madinah and made it available to Muslims. This occurred during the Prophet’s lifetime.
#86. The false prophet defeated at the Battle of Yamamah was:
Musaylimah the liar was defeated and killed at Yamamah. Many memorisers of the Quran were martyred in the battle.
#87. The famine year during Hazrat Umar R.A’s caliphate is known as:
Aam-ur-Ramadah was a severe famine affecting Arabia. Hazrat Umar R.A organised relief from the provinces.
#88. The caliph in Islamic political theory succeeded the Prophet in:
The caliph inherited leadership of the community but not prophethood. Revelation ceased with the Prophet.
#89. Hazrat Umar R.A’s administrative innovation of appointing officials to audit governors reflected the principle of:
Hazrat Umar R.A required governors to declare their assets and investigated complaints against them. Accountability of officials was a hallmark of his administration.
#90. Treatment of conquered populations under the Rashidun caliphs generally involved:
Treaties typically guaranteed security of life, property and worship. Non-Muslims paying jizyah were exempt from military service.
#91. The four rightly guided caliphs are collectively described in a hadith as those whose way Muslims should:
A well-known hadith instructs adherence to the Sunnah of the rightly guided caliphs. This is the basis for the designation Khulafa-e-Rashideen.
#92. Hazrat Ali R.A defeated the Kharijites at the Battle of:
Ali engaged the Khawarij at Nahrawan in 38 AH. The group nevertheless persisted as a movement.
#93. Hazrat Umar R.A’s instruction that a judgement made yesterday may be reconsidered if found erroneous reflects the principle of:
The letter states that returning to truth is better than persisting in falsehood. This established a basis for review of erroneous decisions.
#94. Hazrat Umar R.A is reported to have suspended the hadd punishment for theft during:
Hazrat Umar R.A suspended the penalty during the famine year, known as Aam-ur-Ramadah. The decision is cited in discussions of contextual application of law.
#95. The Battle of the Camel takes its name from:
The battle is named after the camel bearing Hazrat Aisha’s howdah. Fighting centred around it.
#96. Hazrat Usman R.A’s decision not to allow armed defence during the siege of his house reflected his concern to:
Hazrat Usman R.A forbade his supporters from fighting to prevent civil bloodshed. He accepted death rather than allow conflict.
#97. Hazrat Umar R.A’s land policy in the conquered territories of Iraq involved:
Hazrat Umar R.A declined to distribute conquered agricultural land among the troops. He left it with cultivators subject to land tax for the benefit of future generations.
#98. Hazrat Usman R.A was martyred in:
Hazrat Usman R.A was killed by rebels who besieged his house in Madinah in 35 AH. He was reciting the Quran at the time.
#99. The wars fought by Abu Bakr against tribes who renounced Islam or refused zakat are known as:
The Ridda Wars addressed apostasy and refusal to pay zakat after the Prophet’s death. They preserved the unity of the state.
#100. The group that broke away from Hazrat Ali R.A’s camp after the arbitration became known as:
The Khawarij separated in objection to the arbitration. They subsequently opposed both Ali and Muawiyah.
#101. The Battle of Ajnadayn was fought in:
Ajnadayn was an early victory over Byzantine forces in Palestine. It preceded the decisive engagement at Yarmuk.
#102. Hazrat Ali R.A was martyred in:
Ali was struck while going to lead the Fajr prayer at Kufa in 40 AH. He died of his wounds shortly afterwards.
#103. Hazrat Umar R.A is credited with establishing which of the following institutions?
Hazrat Umar R.A appointed judges to the provinces and separated judicial from executive functions. His letter to Abu Musa al-Ashari sets out judicial principles.
#104. The last Sasanian emperor who fled before the Muslim advance was:
Yazdegerd III fled eastward as the empire collapsed. He was killed some years later.
#105. The Battle of Siffin ended with:
Fighting halted when copies of the Quran were raised calling for arbitration. The arbitration failed to resolve the dispute.
#106. The rapid success of the early conquests is attributed by historians partly to:
Both empires had been weakened by decades of mutual warfare. Muslim armies were generally smaller but highly motivated and mobile.
#107. Consultation during the Rashidun period typically involved:
The caliphs convened senior companions for significant decisions. Consultation was a working practice rather than a formal constitution.
#108. The conquest of Egypt was completed with the fall of:
Alexandria was the principal Byzantine stronghold in Egypt. Its fall completed the conquest.
#109. Hazrat Ali R.A was related to the Prophet as his:
Ali was the Prophet’s paternal cousin and married his daughter Fatima. He was raised in the Prophet’s household.
#110. Hazrat Ali R.A is known by the title:
Ali is known by several titles including Asadullah and Al-Murtaza. He was also called Abu Turab by the Prophet.
#111. The battle that effectively ended Sasanian resistance in Persia was:
Nahavand is described as the victory of victories, breaking Persian resistance. It followed earlier successes at Qadisiyyah.
#112. The caliphate of Ali lasted approximately:
Ali’s caliphate lasted about four years and nine months. It was marked by internal conflict.
#113. Non-Muslim subjects under Muslim rule protected by treaty were referred to as:
Dhimmi denotes protected non-Muslim subjects. Their rights and obligations were defined by agreement.
#114. The period of the Khulafa-e-Rashideen lasted approximately:
The rightly guided caliphate spanned roughly thirty years from 11 to 40 AH. It ended with the martyrdom of Hazrat Ali R.A.
#115. Hazrat Usman R.A’s governor of Syria, who later founded the Umayyad caliphate, was:
Muawiyah served as governor of Syria under Hazrat Umar R.A and Hazrat Usman R.A. He became the first Umayyad caliph in 41 AH.
#116. Hazrat Hazrat Umar R.A’s conversion to Islam is regarded as significant because it:
Hazrat Umar R.A’s acceptance emboldened the Muslims in Makkah. Reports indicate they prayed openly at the Kaaba thereafter.
#117. The Sasanian capital captured by Muslim forces was:
The Sasanian capital Ctesiphon, known in Arabic as Madain, fell after Qadisiyyah. Its capture marked the collapse of Persian authority in Iraq.
#118. Hazrat Ali R.A moved the capital of the caliphate from Madinah to:
Ali transferred the seat of government to Kufa in Iraq. The move reflected the shifting centre of political activity.
#119. The principal sources of revenue for the Rashidun state included zakat, kharaj, jizyah and:
Revenue derived from zakat, land tax, poll tax, customs and the state share of war gains. Interest-based revenue was prohibited.
#120. Hazrat Umar R.A established a night patrol and personal inspection of conditions in Madinah, reflecting emphasis on:
Accounts describe Hazrat Umar R.A personally inspecting the condition of the population. This became a model of accountable governance.
#121. The one-fifth share of war booty set aside by Quranic instruction is called:
Khums is the one-fifth portion specified in Surah Al-Anfal. Its recipients are enumerated in that verse.
#122. The Battle of the Camel was fought in:
The Battle of the Camel took place near Basra in 36 AH. It was the first major conflict between Muslims.
#123. The expedition dispatched by Abu Bakr immediately after assuming office had been prepared by the Prophet under:
Abu Bakr insisted on dispatching Usama’s expedition despite the unsettled conditions. He regarded the Prophet’s instruction as binding.
#124. Abu Bakr was elected caliph at the assembly held at:
The succession was settled at the Saqifah of Banu Saidah in Madinah. The general pledge followed in the mosque.
#125. Criticism directed at Hazrat Usman R.A’s administration centred chiefly on:
Opponents objected to the appointment of kinsmen as governors. Historians note that several appointees were capable administrators, and the grievances were also fuelled by agitators.
#126. Consultation with senior companions on major decisions during the Rashidun period reflected the Quranic principle of:
The caliphs regularly consulted senior companions before major decisions. This reflects the Quranic command of mutual consultation.
#127. The garrison cities founded during Hazrat Umar R.A’s caliphate included Kufa, Basra and:
Fustat in Egypt was founded alongside Kufa and Basra in Iraq. These amsar served as administrative and military centres.
#128. Abu Bakr’s inaugural address emphasised that obedience to him was conditional upon:
Abu Bakr stated that he should be obeyed only while he obeyed Allah and His Messenger. The statement established a principle of conditional authority.
#129. Garrison cities established during the conquests were called:
The amsar were purpose-built garrison settlements. Kufa, Basra and Fustat are principal examples.
#130. The state postal or courier system in the early Islamic administration was known as:
The barid was the courier and intelligence system linking provinces to the centre. It was developed further under the Umayyads.
#131. Jizyah in the early Islamic state was levied on:
Jizyah was levied on able non-Muslim adult males. Women, children, the elderly, the poor and clergy were generally exempt.
#132. The collection of sermons and sayings attributed to Hazrat Ali R.A is known as:
Nahj al-Balaghah is a compilation of sermons, letters and sayings attributed to Ali. It is especially revered in Shia tradition.
#133. After Hazrat Ali R.A, the caliphate was briefly assumed by:
Hasan bin Ali was acknowledged as caliph after his father. He abdicated within months in favour of Muawiyah.
#134. Hazrat Hazrat Umar R.A’s letter to Abu Musa al-Ashari instructs a judge to treat parties equally in:
The letter directs equal treatment of litigants in every respect. This principle underlies Islamic judicial ethics.
#135. The Muslim commander at the Battle of Qadisiyyah was:
Saad bin Abi Waqqas commanded the Muslim forces at Qadisiyyah. He later founded the garrison city of Kufa.
#136. The office of the qadi in the Rashidun administration was responsible for:
The qadi decided cases according to the Quran, Sunnah and juristic reasoning. The office became increasingly specialised.
#137. Abu Bakr’s title As-Siddiq was earned particularly for his:
Abu Bakr affirmed the account of the night journey without hesitation. This earned him the title of the truthful.
#138. Abu Bakr nominated his successor, which was:
Abu Bakr nominated Hazrat Umar R.A bin al-Khattab before his death. The nomination was accepted by the leading companions.
#139. Non-Arab Muslims in the early Islamic period were commonly referred to as:
The mawali were non-Arab converts to Islam. Their treatment became a source of tension under later dynasties.
#140. The office concerned with supervision of markets, weights and measures was the:
The institution of hisbah supervised commercial honesty and public conduct. Its officer was the muhtasib.